The Effects Of Issuing An Auto Recall - 1967 Words

Current Situation As Americans, the value of using automobiles is almost unquantifiable in the convenience and mobility it contributes to our daily lives. For those of us that already own cars, the experience of being notified of a recall affecting this most prized of possessions can be a familiar one. In the case of even small defects, issuing an auto recall can have serious consequences for the companies that issue them. The purpose of my research this semester is to observe the economic fallout of issuing an auto recall, in the cases of both life-threatening defects and mere convenience issues. Furthermore, I would like to use this foundation of research to observe how customer loyalty to auto makers who have issued these recalls†¦show more content†¦Indirect costs, in this case, include quantifiable brand damage, effects on stock prices, and customer loyalty. Auto makers who possess a good reputation enjoy a number of benefits, such as the ability to charge higher prices, growth in sales , increased return to actual quality, and protection against market entrants [Rhee and Haunschild, 2006]. However, when an auto recall is issued, that good reputation can work against the auto maker in question. For example, a companies that are rated with the highest financial stability, as rated by Moody s Bond Record, tend to suffer the most following an auto recall, experiencing a loss of between -0.26%- -0.28% in their stock prices the day following the issuing of a recall. This translates to an average loss of $42.8 million in shareholder value following a recall announcement [McDonald, 2009]. Moreover, it is an observable phenomenon that the indirect costs of issuing an auto recall actually outweigh the direct costs as listed above [Rupp, 2004]. Purpose of the Research As stated above, it is worth observing the phenomena of auto recalls in both small convenience issues and in major safety defects. One of the factors that showed to have the most bearing on the economic effects and subsequent customer loyalty was which component the recall was being issued for. According to Rupp, the three components that cause the greatest drop in stock value and sales of their vehicles were airShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Impact On Society1614 Words   |  7 PagesIndustry members need to be able to keep up with technological advances as they develop. In today’s society technology is advancing at a rapid rate. Technological factors are defined into products and processes and effect both internal and external environments. Technological processes like updated information systems, automated equipment and business processes have the ability to increase profit margins, reduces cost, increase efficiency and sustainability. As technological processes advan ce soRead MoreFirestone Case Danger on the Highway: Bridgeston/Firestons Tire Recall2747 Words   |  11 PagesFirestone Case Danger on the Highway: Bridgestone/Firestone ¡Ã‚ ¦s Tire Recall Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., based in Nashville, Tennessee, has been in the business of making tires since 1900, when Harvey Firestone founded the Firestone Tire Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio. Firestone was acquired by Bridgestone USA, Inc., a subsidiary of Tokyo-based Bridgestone Corporation, in 1990 for $2.6 billion. Today, the company markets 8,000 different types and sizes of tires, and a host of other products. TheRead MoreDereciation as a Source of Fund2579 Words   |  11 Pagescompany assets. The funds are also cheap because there are no costs involved in issuing more shares and no borrowing costs. What this really means is that the managers of profitable businesses have more assets to use in productive activities. 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Introduction of regulatory import controls has been causing problems to the Indian exporters in terms of multiple inspection, rejections and recall/ destruction of con signments not conforming to their requirements. This has made the role of Export Inspection Council (EIC) and Export Inspection Agencies (EIAs) more relevant in the context of India’s efforts to set ambitious export targets andRead MoreAnalysis of Commercial Bank Operation and Regulation-Case Study on Dhaka Bank Limited7883 Words   |  32 Pagessituation requires an instrument that is delivery by the banker when he might on be having his original cheque book with him. Loose cheques are issued to the customer form a new full cheque book reserved by the department for this purpose. Before issuing the loose cheques entries are made in the CBR (Cheque book requisition) and in the computer as well with the concerned officer s initial. Loose cheque is issued if... ï  ¶ The party requires a loose cheque has the loose check requisition slipRead MoreImport Inspection Council Of Indi Ministry Of Commerce And Industry Essay8725 Words   |  35 Pageshealth and safety of their consumers by introducing regulatory import controls, especially in the food sector. Introduction of regulatory import controls has been causing problems to the Indian exporters in terms of multiple inspection, rejections and recall/ destruction of consignments not conforming to their requirements. This has made the role of Export Inspection Council (EIC) and Export Inspection Agencies (EIAs) more relevant in the context of India’s efforts to set ambitious export targets and

Treatise On The War Machine - 1684 Words

Richardson Carolina Richardson Neil Leach ARC 5205 6 September 2016 Introduction A Thousand Plateaus Outline Treatise On Nomadology—The War Machine In the overview of the chapter â€Å"Treatise on Nomadology-The War Machine† of the book â€Å"A Thousand Plateaus† the writer describes how the chess game has been used to represent the state whereas the nomad and smooth allowance relationship has been expounded using the â€Å"Go† player. The writer, Deleuze explains how chess and Go are different. According to the text, chess encodes and decodes the spaces within the game whereas Go is different from chess because it territorializes and deterritorializes the spaces. In other words, Deleuze is explaining how the war machine and state tools are way different in their purity. According to the writer, a state is not just a state that is governed by administration officers like chiefs, he views a state as a society that has arms of government at work or rather mechanisms. According to this chapter, â€Å"Treatise On Nomadology—The War Machine†, mechanisms are way beyond primitive structures such as th e primordial, rhizomatic which are nomadic and arborescent and are majorly based on the organs of power (p. 357-358). This book review explains into details the chapter â€Å"Treatise On Nomadology—The War Machine† of the book â€Å"A Thousand Plateaus† on various aspects such as the war vs. the state, the war machine rules, how the war machine maintains nomad science and the methods utilized by the writers inShow MoreRelatedHow did Descartes Explain the Relationship between Mind and Body? 1092 Words   |  5 Pagesfind the connection between soul and body through his work in 1649 with the title ‘Treatise on the Passions of the Soul’ (Fancher, Rutherford, 2012). Rene Descartes (1596-1650) a philosopher and mathematician was one of the biggest and greatest figures in the nativism empiricism period (Wertheimer, 2000). 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Hip Hop and the Illuminati free essay sample

A lot of us today really enjoy hip hop music, maybe because of the catchy beats, delicate hooks, or glorified artiste that write and perform the songs, but do we really understand the power behind the messages in these songs. About two years ago I was introduced to the teachings of Evangelist G Craig Lewis, he stated that Hip Hop really is not all it is cut out to be but instead a satanic religion used to sway the mass to serve and alternative master, and a lot of the information that I will be giving oh today comes from him and Professor Grief and ex- member of a famous Hip- Hop group; because of my Intrigue with the work of these gentle men my topic today Is Are we being fooled by the HIP-HOP Industry. To begin we must first ask what Hip-Hop means to us and others.According to Professor Grief Hip-Hop was supposed to be an avenue for people in the struggle to express themselves, a voice for the voiceless. It was created as a way to inform and fight all the oppression going on by those powers that be. In actuality from inception Hip-Hop was founded on precarious grounds and conceptualized by a man named Africa Bumboat In the late sasss. It was created on pagan/ athletic beliefs and rituals from the Zulu Nation in Egypt Africa, he says and I quote, there is no God, we are our own Gods, we have to create our own wealth and power, we are supreme beings and chart our own destiny.Now tell me would you want to be part of a movement like that, with doctrines that state that there are no consequences for your actions, believe it or not you are, by supporting this music that Is exactly what is being done. HIP-HOP Fanatics may argue that It was created from the slums of New York, with the Intention of getting back at the system, but Mr.. Bumboat has no quorums about his intentions for Hip-Hop. If you observe here, he throws up an innocent hand gesture right?Wrong, this sign is in actuality a satanic hand gesture that is commonly used as a form of worship to Lucifer. Over the years however the art form has evolved to become to it is today and according to Michael Tyson a professor of religious studies at the Duple university in Chicago claims Hip-Hop Is an extraordinary cultural development. It Is unquestionably the most Important cultural phenomenon to hit In quite some time ND its reach is global; but how has it gotten to be such a phenomenon?Really it only began with a couple of guys (five presenters) singing about their life in the hood and their belief in their self as Gods. What few fail to realize however is that there are a selected number that govern the worlds financial, educ ational and decision making institutions, they control, Influence and manipulate these organizations. They originated from the thirteen wealthiest families in the world, whose bloodlines go back thousands and thousands of years.These families are said to have formed a secret society called The Illuminate r Free Masons. The illuminants claim to fame lies in occult for it is said that thirteen male friends sold their soul to the devil in exchange for wealth and power, for money creates power. Lets take a look at some of these companies that are today owned by the Infiltrating all sectors of the cooperate world has become easy and the music industry especially the Hip-Hop Industry with its origins and strong affiliations to pagan rituals in the Zulu Nation is no exception.They have gained access within the record companies that produce a record number of Hip-Hop artiste and like any organization, the Illuminate wants to recruit new members for the higher powers and of course they cannot come out directly and say please worship the devil and sell [Our soul to him that is Just socially u nacceptable, so instead they use an avenue that in accordance to subconscious-mind. Org is more powerful than any oral word, they use subliminal messages that target the psyche of the listener of the song or the viewer of the music video.Fat Boy Slim from one of the more popular record labels states and I quote the illuminate does exist and they are majority companies owners and want nothing more Han to inculcate their doctrines into the population at large. They know that the only Nay to do this is to use music that is a common language among us all, even if you dont speak English, once you hear that beat its like infectious you have to get up do as the music says Many might agree that yes, music is a common language among the masses but dispute that there is no evidence that the Illuminate has infiltrated the music, and the proof is in the pudding.The signs are so conspicuous and yet still En tend to over look them, and this maybe because of our unawareness of what is truly occurring. The sad thing is the artiste are knowledgeable of plot and are still Nailing to participate in the savagery of our species, Just for you guessed it wealth and power. 1 Timothy 6:10 states that the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil, some people eager for money, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves with many grief How many of you of you here are familiar with Jay-Z, Iranian and Kenya West. These and many more are Just a few of t he main players in the Hip-Hop Cult.Take the ever famous Jay-Z also known as Jay Hove the God MAC( get it, Jehovah) is one of the advocates of the five presenters, that believe that the black man is his own God. He is also a resolute member of the free masons, and he definitely has not been ashamed to state his affiliations, with this group and sings about being a mason in songs like Run This Town and On To The Next One. Orca Nation and Orca Wear his companies, has a symbol which represents the eye of Hours or the third eye of illumination and replicates quotes from the founder of Satanism Alistair Crowley.Our very own Caribbean beauty Iranian according to Pastor Lewis has sacrificed herself and documented it in the song Umbrella. He goes on to say that the song foretold her rape by the Entity Iranian (the devil) which transformed her into the DOD girl gone bad. Lets take a look at some other members involvement. Of course this is only the tip of the ice-berg, if you want to get information on the Illuminate and Hip-Hop all you have to do is Google it and prepare to be amazed. Hip-Hop was and still is one of the most influential aspects of todays society.It affects not only the music industry, but media, fashion, marketing and advertising and almost every other part of modern society. Hip hop has reached beyond color mandarins, and stretched past the rationale of its existence. After this short speech, I am sure that some of you rethinking your choice of music that we hold in high esteem. Hip-Hop was created to infiltrate the mass music culture, capable of eroding the morals of those listening to a point where they will be totally degraded by it. The music is bringing us down to an annalistic level.They are attacking us consumers, the listening public with tones and frequencies. 1 Timothy 4: 1-3 states: Now the spirit expressly says that in latter time some will depart from the faith, giving heed to deceiving spirits and doctrines of demons, peaking lies in hypocrisy, having their own conscience seared like a hot iron, forbidding us to do what is right and commanding that we abstain from the teachings of God that we know to be true Let us not be like lambs to the slaughter Nile saying and say its only music.Let us not be in the masses throwing up signs, Nearing s ymbols, or singing lyrics that are damning not our soul. You have seen the evidence you have, you be the Judge. Lets take some action and stop downloading and listening to this type of music, stop paying for these clothes, for at the end of the day the true price is our soul.

Taking the Reins free essay sample

Hello, this is Guilford Riding School, Jill speaking, said a welcoming womans voice. Hi, my name is Cara. I was just wondering if you offered lessons thatI could work for? I replied shyly. I had been looking for a chance to horseback ride since I was six. My parents wanted me to try other sports. However, my obsession with horses grew, leaving me desperate to find a place to ride. I called all the local barns searching for a barn where I could work for what I love. That same day my car bumped down a gravel driveway leading to a big, gray barn. Out front a maroon and white sign said Guilford Riding School. Inside, the stall aisles contained about eight horses on each side. As I walked down the aisles, curious heads popped up expecting to be given a treat. Whinnies and neighs were passed between the horses to inform each other of the possible chance for an extra snack. We will write a custom essay sample on Taking the Reins or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The heads returned to mow at the hay by their feet as the horses realized they were not receiving anything. An elderly woman stepped out from the small office. Hi, you must be Cara! My name is Jill, I am the owner of the barn, and I will be your instructor! I nodded excitedly and followed the woman to the water pump to start my day’s work. As we walked to the water pump, I was introduced to a girl about my age named Maeve. She had been riding for years and knew everything there was to know about horses. Maeve was in charge of teaching me how to make feed, top off water buckets, groom and tack the horses, and help out in lessons, if needed. For one of my first tasks, I watched intensely as Maeve wrapped a polo around the horse’s leg. A polo is a long piece of fleece fabric that is carefully wrapped around the fetlock, or ankle, to help support the horse’s leg and prevent a horse from getting scars. Maeve wrapped the fabric, starting closer to the horse’s h oofs, moving up. Her hands moved in a quick, methodical pattern, finishing the task within minutes. Maeve instructed me to stand next to the horse’s leg. Anxious that the horse would kick me, I began to move closer to the giant animal. Maeve watched as my shaking hands, wrapped the fabric around the horse’s leg and corrected my mistakes. I attempted the task multiple times before Maeve deemed it of decent quality. Once my five hour work day was complete, I followed Jill to the tack room to grab a helmet. All geared up with a borrowed, scratched up helmet, my tattered jeans, and tall rain boots I was led to another stall, which housed a fat, chestnut stallion named Colonel. I anxiously took the reins in my hands as I restlessly stood next to Colonel, who was focused on the hay under his water trough. His curious head lifted from the floor to get a good look at me. I would soon be working with these animals, once a week for five hours. Even though, there are risks to wor king with such powerful animals, the ride is worth it. Without the courage I built up to call the barn, I would have never gained the courage I had to climb onto this amazing creature.

The Kalahari essays

The Kalahari essays The Kalahari: A Desert to be Preserved A desert is defined by Random House Websters Dictionary as an arid, sandy region capable of providing life for only a few specialized life forms. There are several different areas that fit this description; however, each of these vicinities present unique obstacles and fascinating knowledge and information within their sand. A particularly interesting desert covering approximately 450,000 square kilometers in Africa is called the Kalahari. It stretches over most of Botswana and throughout some parts of Namibia and South Africa. The simple fact that this region is considered a desert is not what the Kalahari is admired for. Besides being distinctive in its geographical features, the Kalahari houses a variety of animal species and actually provides a dwelling for a primitive human population (Allan/Warren 110). The Kalahari, which extends from the Orange River to the Congo, is the largest continuous stretch of sand in the world (Kalahari: Game Reserves in South, par. 1). Though it does receive a rainfall ranging from 6 to 20 inches a year, surface water in the area is extremely rare. Fortunately, the Kalahari Desert has pans, which allow seasonal rainfall to accumulate (Allan/Warren 110). Pans, or natural depressions in the ground, are located in other deserts as well. However, Botswana contains the greatest number in the world. The fact that pans are dominant in this country is vital to the maintenance of the Kalaharis plant and animal life. Pans are not only important due to their water accumulations; they are also considered necessary for a resource for food (Kalahari: Game Reserves in South, par. 8). The largest of these Pans are the Etosha Pan and the Makgadikgod Pan (Allan/Warren 110). It is near these sources of life where animals and humans are able to survive. The Kalah ari is also home to two Nati...

7 Advisories About Abbreviations

7 Advisories About Abbreviations 7 Advisories About Abbreviations 7 Advisories About Abbreviations By Mark Nichol Abbreviations are useful, but they can be wickedly tricky little widgets. Keep these points in mind when you truncate words and phrases: 1. a/an This entry refers not to a or an as abbreviations but to which of the two indefinite articles should precede a given abbreviation. The choice depends not on the first letter of the abbreviation itself but on the sound of the first letter. Therefore, for example, you’d write â€Å"an MD after her name,† rather than â€Å"a MD after her name,† because the first letter in that abbreviation is pronounced â€Å"em† and should therefore be preceded by an. 2. Initials as Adjectives â€Å"I went up to the ATM machine and put in my PIN number to check my IRA account.† And in relating this event, I made three errors. In each case, the last letter of the abbreviation stands for the noun following the abbreviation. This is a job for the Department of Redundancy Department! 3. Metric Abbreviations Abbreviations for metric measurements either immediately follow the associated numeral (100m for â€Å"100-meter dash†) or follow a letter space (â€Å"2.2 kg = 1 lb.†); the latter style prevails especially when, as in the example given here, references to both metric-system and English-system measurements occur. But note the absence of periods following the metric abbreviations. Metric abbreviations are always lowercase with one optional exception: Because of the resemblance of the letter l to the number 1, the abbreviation for liter is often uppercase or italicized, or, when handwritten, styled in cursive writing. 4. Periods In abbreviations, periods are passe. Period. (Except not: e.g., i.e., etc. But mostly, yes.) 5. Plurals Omit apostrophes with plural forms of abbreviations: â€Å"He has two PhDs,† â€Å"It lists various NGOs,† â€Å"They’re all NIMBYs.† Of course, if the style for the publication in question retains periods (but see the previous point), retain the apostrophe as well: â€Å"Several R.N.’s failed the test.† 6. Postal Symbols Postal symbols are a prescribed set of two-letter abbreviations for states that are sometimes used as shorthand in nonpostal applications. In 1963, to make room for an innovation known as the ZIP code (which phrase has its own entry below), the US Postal Service advocated a two-letter form (CA, for example), but many people persist in incorrectly styling such abbreviations uppercase/lowercase (e.g., Ca.) or appending an extraneous period (CA.). 7. ZIP Code Those clever folks at the USPS selected this name to imply that mail would arrive at its destination more speedily if the five-digit code was supplied, but ZIP actually stands for something Zone Improvement Plan so treat it with all caps. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartSelect vs. Selected50 Tips on How to Write Good

M4A1 PART B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M4A1 PART B - Essay Example This is the reason why measures taken by management and employees are often too late or inadequate. For example, in 2006, Jerry York, a GM board member had urged the automaker to unload Saab and Hummer but the idea met resistance and ended in ultimate losses (Krolicki, 2009). Now, one of these concerns is near bankruptcy whereas the other one is supervised by court. Out of resistance, the current culture of GM is less tolerant to differences, portrays less appetite for risk taking and exploiting the opportunities in hand, and appears to be narrow-minded to the social concerns that are emerging everyday and endangering its stability and existence in future e.g. increasing labor cost with excessive payload of surplus labor, and also the lack of attention paid to environmental issues. Due credit must be given to our predecessors but with the changes in absolutely every segment of our lives, GM must prepare itself first for the present and then for the future by first letting go of its same bureaucratic culture which is a souvenir from baby bombers. GM is trying hard to compete with the companies that value the importance of cultural diversity, innovation and technology along with appropriate leadership. It has acted like a shelter for many managers who were afraid of getting out of their comfort zone and face the current challenges (Krisher, 2012) . Instead our culture has provoked them to use the chain of command principal, as an excuse for lack of performance and innovation. Considering the last near bankruptcy experience, GM culture has to change. In the light of past experiences, I would recommend that GM needs to evaluate the need for change and incorporate all necessary amendments not only in its operations and processes but in the overall organizational culture with a special emphasis to our most valued assets, our human resources. According to

My response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My response - Essay Example It is a reflection of numerous economic indicators, offering an overall measure of the economic growth, competitiveness, and the living standards that are dominant in an economy. It is labor productivity which explains the basics needed to understand econmic growth and social development (Freeman). Increase in labor productivity is said to increase the standard of living in an economy. When productivity increases, the price of products and services decreases which in turns increases domestic as well as foreign consumption for those particular products and services. To meet this increase in demand, overall production increases which utilizes more use of equipment and a greater demand for workforce. Hence, employment increases, real wages of the working class grow and the overall economy flourishes (Galarneau and Dumas). The first 3 paragraphs of the article ‘One Pay Gap Shrinks, Another Grows’ basically tells about how income distribution has not been equal. It is said that the major argument is not whether men have done better than women or vice versa. It is true that women are winning the race of obtaining college diplomas and male high school dropouts are at the top of those suffering the repercussions of the poor job situation. However, it is not only the education system that needs to be revised for better income distribution. The question that matters and need to be answered is ‘why the median worker hasn’t earned more’. There certainly has been an increase in overall wages, but this increase is very moderate. It is also believed that productivity is good but not at par with growth 1947-1963. According to the sources, the bottom 80% of the people would have had $670 billion more of what they have now if the growth rate would had been constant from 60s. This means that the growth rate is perfectly fine but the income has not been distributed equally.

Role performance in an interpreted discourse process Essay Example for Free

Role performance in an interpreted discourse process Essay From the previous chapter it is clear that an interpreters role is more than that of passing messages back and forth; it is also Ð ° role that manages the communication process of exchanging those messages. In this chapter, І begin with Ð ° discussion of how the role has been and, in many ways, still is conceived. To investigate further the performance of that role and its implications for norms in interpreting, І analyze four examples of interpreter performance. Practicing interpreters are aware of the public and professional expectations of and demands on their practice, most of which are concerned with confidentiality, neutrality, accuracy, and faithfulness to the message. Interpreters often describe their role as the person in the middle by using Ð ° metaphor which conveys the image or impression that they serve as Ð ° bridge or channel through which communication happens. This channel is supposed to relay Ð ° message from one speaker to another faithfully, accurately, and without personal or emotional bias. The performance of this role has been compared to Ð ° machine, Ð ° window, Ð ° bridge, and Ð ° telephone lineamong otherswhen trying to compress the complexity of the role into Ð ° simple, singular analogy or metaphor. This perspective developed, in part, from practitioners, educators, and researchers who have devoted the bulk of their attention to interpreters working within public and monologic contexts. In these public forums interpreters usually are interpreting for speakers who speak one at Ð ° time to typically non-responsive audiences. In these events, an interpreters role appears conduit like, passive, and noninvolved. Another reason for the persistence of this perspective lies in past research on interpreting which has been done largely by cognitive psychologists and psycholinguists who have focused on the phenomena of language processing and transference of information. This research on the complexity of listening, understanding, and speaking simultaneously has produced detailed models of the psycholinguistic stages of transfer based on errors revealed in the target language production (Cokely 1984; Moser-Mercer 1978). Although these models provide better understanding and appreciation of the mental complexity of interpreting, their very nature reinforces the metaphorical image through which interpreting is perceived. Unfortunately, the force of this perspective is such that most training and professional testing still (in 1998) devote their efforts to the details of the interpreted message and its form. Although the conduit metaphors developed partially in response to Ð ° particular situational performance and to the direction of research studies, they are also used because of ordinary perceptions about the nature of language and communication. Lakoff and Johnson (198o) found that although most people think of metaphors as devices of poets and rhetorical style, they are prevalent in our everyday lives because they allow us to present our conceptual systems through language. Metaphors structure how we think about and perceive our everyday lives. Reddy ( 1979) explains how ordinary language use portrays language as Ð ° conduit which passes on Ð ° speakers thoughts and ideas to Ð ° listener whose only task is to unwrap the thoughts and ideas that have been transmitted through Ð ° conduit and thus hides aspects of the communication experience. The words we use to talk about how ideas are shared are indicative of Ð ° conduit notion. For example, І gave you that idea. It seems hard to see Ð ° metaphor here at all. The word give seems ordinary enough until we ask ourselves if ideas have Ð ° concrete substance that can be given to someone else. These ordinary metaphors convey the sense that meaning actually resides in words, phrases, and sentences as Ð ° tangible object to be inserted or taken out. These metaphors also lead us to particular ways of thinking about the originator of the message, the message itself, and the receiver of the message. For example, Try to pack more thoughts into fewer words. This type of expression blames the speaker for failing to put enough meaning in or failing to put the meaning in the right place. Equally, in the logic of Ð ° conduit metaphor, the receiver must unpack the meaning from the words. Let me know if you find any good ideas in the talk. Its as though ideas can be inserted into words and sentences. The conduit metaphor implies Ð ° whole framework of basic assumptions about language, such as language functions like Ð ° conduit transferring thoughts from one person to another, words accomplish Ð ° transfer of ideas by containing the thoughts or feelings in the words and conveying them to others, and people can extract exactly the same idea, thought or feeling by simply receiving the words. These everyday metaphors mold our perceptions about language and communication Conduit metaphors that abound in the fields of communication, psychology, language, and information processing have been naturally brought into the field of interpreting. It is easy to see how Ð ° communication process involving Ð ° supposedly neutral or passive third party accepts Ð ° conduit-type metaphor as Ð ° way of defining itself. Although these metaphors clearly respond to Ð ° need, they also carry double messages. Certainly they convey the idea of transferring messages, but, at the same time, they call to mind images of disengagement and noninvolvement on any other level. Frequently, interpreters are called on by those who use their services to be flexible and in fact are called upon by their own colleagues to be so. Standards of ethical practice extensively, sometimes exhaustively, list what interpreters should not do, but they seldom explain what interpreters can, or should do, or where or how flexibility should be exercised. Consequently, discussions of practice fall back on what interpreters should not do, or what interpreters may do within the guidelines and wind up being discussions of ethics. In addition to creating metaphors to describe role performance, interpreters (and others) tend to idealize conversational behavior even though their experience with interaction violates both their notions of relaying messages and of the way conversations should occur. In private conversations, interpreters confess to breaking the rules while also admitting that their rule-breaking behavior was successful. What interpreters actually know (intuitively or objectively) and do is complex from both the perspective of psycholinguistic processes and also from the perspective of interactive communication systems as Ð ° whole. Interpreters are not simply processing information and passively passing it back and forth. Their task requires knowledge of Ð ° discourse system that includes grammar, language use, organization, participant relationships, contextual knowledge, and socio-cultural knowledge. Interpreters must also have the ability to adapt this knowledge quickly to size up Ð ° situation, anticipate problems, and decide on solutions within seconds which means they operate within an emergent system of adaptability. Because standards of practice have developed before we have described and analyzed what interpreters do as they work, interpreters use the language of ethical behavior to talk about their job performance. one way in which interpreting as Ð ° discourse process can work for interpreters is in providing new ways to describe, name, and discuss the interpreting process. As this study and the work of Wadensjo (1992), Metzger (1995), and others have shown, interpreters interact in multiple ways within the communicative event of interpreting.

Essay --

Cellphone’s use by students at school has become a controversial issue for the educational system in today's society. Most teachers and school administrators believe that cellphones are disruptive. Although school officials ruled policies to prohibit using the cellphones during class time, students carry them all the time in class. The text messaging, calling and even browsing the net during class time caused them to be distracted and be uninterested in learning. In other word, students who pay too much attention to their cellphones become uninterested in learning during class lectures and they would like socializing more than listening to the lectures . This behavior can also affect others in class and distract them. Many school boards have been worried that cellphones can impede education, therefore they banned using it. Students should have a controlled environment to be able to learn successfully. Cellphones should be banned in schools because they create distraction in cl ass, they can be used for cheating on the tests and privacy invasion issue. In many schools cellphones are banned because it is known as a disruption and distraction tool in classes. Allowing cellphones in classes is not a simple controversial issue as long as most teens have one of them and wherever we turn we cut them through text messaging and calling. Although, cellphones made our life convenient, they are disruptive in some parts. It happens all the time that someone makes a loud conversation in a bus or store and annoys other people. At schools the distraction may even be greater than public places. Students that carry phones with them in classes can cause distraction among the other students because sometimes they forget to turn off their phones... ...safety and they can cause the privacy be taken away. Lately, cellphones have become a big issue for schools and they have a big role on learning process. Teachers argue that cellphones are distraction in classrooms and they should be banned. Cellphones make students to text, play games and act irresponsibly during the time when they should study. This causes them to be distracted and not to pay full attention to the class. Cellphones can be also used as a cheating device as long as it makes possible for students to accesses to the internet or by taking pictures of the exams charge other students. Camera phones can invade privacy and safety in schools since some students take and spread inappropriate pictures of other students in locker rooms and restrooms. Cell phones impact education and schools, therefore they should not be allowed to use in schools.

IIFT Part Time MBA Essay

1. Before introducing its inkjet printers, did HP have to estimate the demand curve for them? Why or why not? Yes, because by estimating demand HP would have an insight whether their upcoming products were consumable in the market or not. It will also give highlight the shortcomings of existing products in the entire printer family. The presence of competition will be a very important factor for the launch of their inkjet printers as they would have a competitive edge in the market. 2. When studying Epson before going after the Japanese-dominated dot matrix market, did HP try to determine which factors would have an important influence on the demand curve for its product? If so, what factors seemed to be particularly important. Yes. The factors that seemed important were – Price of the goods (P) – The inkjet printer has to cheaper than other types of printers such as dot-matrix and laser, which would increase the demand of the product Price of related goods (PR) – Dot-matrix and laser printers were expensive ï‚ · Taste Pattern of consumers (T) – Consumers had no option other than using available products (dot-matrix or laser printer) which had serious flaws such as poor print quality and color. By taking this into consideration, HP will have a competitive edge by introducing ink-jet printers Expected price of the good in some future period (Pe) – With mass production and cost cuts, economies of scale could be achieved thereby decreasing the price of the product in the near future Other than the above mentioned factors the presence of almost no competitors, expected declining prices of PCs as well as declining consumer acceptance towards dot-matrix and laser printers gave HP an important insight while determining the demand curve for its inkjet printers. 3. HP cut the price of its b/w printer from $995 to $365. If the quantity of such printers that it sold per year increased tenfold, does this mean that the (arc) price elasticity of demand for this product was about 1.8? Why or why not? 4. Can the data in the graph on page 70 be used to determine the trend in HP’s printer market share? What are the limitations of these data for such purposes? Yes, the graph can be used to determine the trend of HP’s printer market share. From 1984 to 1989 the market share grew at an average of 30-50% due to new product launches and consistent upgradation and variations in its entire printer portfolio. From 1989 to 1992 the growth was sluggish between 5-10%. But in the year 1993 the growth rate was between 5060% due to changing consumer preferences, price of related goods, consumers income and expected future price of the same product. 5. If you were hired by HP to forecast how many inkjet printers it would sell next year, how would you go about doing it? What data would you need? What techniques would you use? How accurate do you think your forecast would be? I as a manager would use the method of regression analysis to forecast sale. The data would be the Co-efficient for each factor effecting demand, testing of hypothesis and level of confidence which would be more than 95%.

Why women failed to gain the vote between 1900 and 1914?

The women's suffrage movements were originaly from the United States during the 19th Century. In colonial America, as elsewhere(Austrialia and new zealand] in the world particularly Britain, civil law did not recognize the equality of men and women. some men thought that many women were a waste and can never be good as men. During 1900 and 1914 a woman had no legal rights. A married women's belongings belonged to her husband, this included earnings as well as all her property and goods. in other words she was like a mere object in the mans hands. To today's standards this is completely outrageous, in today's society women can expect to be treated exactly as the opposite sex when it comes to work and other things. This is abundant in the rise of popularity of woman's football and female boxing. During the 1800, women were expected to be perfect – in those days a perfect lady would be expected to have a pale face, do absolutely no exercise and have very delicate constitution, they where expected to be good hostesses and certainly know their place in society. Women never even received the same level of education as men. ome women nerver even got eduction. They were considered as being too stupid for higher education. However not all women where satisfied with their position in life. They believed that they were stuck in a vicious circle, which if not impossible, would be very difficult to break out of. The earlier years of the 20th centruary in Britian saw a concerted campaign for the right to vote for women. the women's social and political union, otherwise known as the suffragettes, was founded in 1903 by the Pankhurst family. he campaign for the right to vote for women between 1905 and 1914 became increasingly militant as women were prepared to take direct action, such as distruption of meetings, chaining themselves to railings outside 10 downing street, smashing windows and rioting. at one stage the prime minister,s country house was fire bombed. as a result of this many suffragettes found themselves inside holloway prison where they resorted to hungry strikes. the prison aouthorities responded with forcible feeding. There is no simple answer why the suffrage movement failed between 1900 and 1914, instead, a series of long and short term causes. The main point of this essay is to analyze, as well as discuss these reasons in detail. If possible I will put them in order of importance. women where treated very harshly in the 1900 as they were objects in front on mens eyes. when a woman got married all her belongings wer transfered to her husband and they were now the property of the husband. in other words married women were legally dead in the eyes of the law. omen had no property rights, all thier property was thier husbands. all women were robbed off thier self-confidence and self-respect and this made them totalyy dependent on men. No woman could get eduction since no college or university would accept women students but there were 1 or 2 exceptions. the women wanted the vote becouse they wanted to be equaly nown in public as men. wanted there rights. wanted thier belongings. wanted to be rembered for somethin. wanted to have the right to vote and have a saying in the country. anted people to hear what they have to say about how the country is run. The Suffragists were called the shrieking sisterhood, branded as unfeminine, and accused of immorality and drunkenness. Many citizens and a great deal of newspapers where strongly against ‘The National Union Of Women's Suffrage Societies'. Suffragist leaders were often subjected to physical abuse. Suffragist meetings were repeatedly stormed and disrupted by street gangs. On many occasions the speaker at a suffragist meeting would hold a revolver to discourage possible attacks from the audience. However, it was not only men that were against the suffragist movement, many, if not most upper-class women were against the movement, including Queen Victoria. There were many reasons why anti-suffragists felt this way. The anti-suffragists partly based their assumptions on the difference between the male and female physical abilities; they did not discuss the biological difference because they did not believe it was appropriate for public discussion. Instead, emphasis was put on the ‘fragility' of the women claiming that this is what made her ‘unsuited' for the vote. The physical weakness of the female would be potentially dangerous. They argues that assuming she reached the polling place, she might get caught up in a brawl and given the women's natural fragility, she would be the one to get hurt. Beyond these reasons existed the belief that allowing women to vote would jeopardize the nation's security and lead, ultimately, to war. One leader of the anti-suffragists said: â€Å"Allowing women to vote would lead to foreign aggression and war. † The second areas of difference between men and women which the anti's argued, was the issue of morality. A anti who spoke at a hearing in Connecticut on women's suffrage observed that: â€Å"The most convincing reason I have heard was the one offered by Miss Pearson. ‘We want the ballot, and we want it when we want it. ‘ This shows the depth of intelligence. † The anti-suffragists also predicted that if women were given the vote disastrous results would occur. The antis believed that political involvement would put them in situations were the male vulnerability would be exploited. However, above all the anti-suffragists were afraid about the emotional state of women. Men where described as rational and emotionally stable, women were portrayed as ‘high strung,' tense, irritable and irrational. One anti said that â€Å"when women generally vote and hold office, the desire for publicity and love of the limelight will combine to produce a form of hysteria. † Some took this idea further and argued that since all women suffragists bordered on hysteria there was no need to take their arguments seriously. They said that when women vote, she would let her feelings rather then her intellectual concern be the main reasons for their vote Some more eccentric people said that allowing women to have the vote would breed a nation of transvestites and that women could hide extra voting slips in their ‘voluminous sleeves' The position of certain key political parties was also a huge contributor to why women never got the vote between 1900 and 1914. For if women wanted the vote, ultimately if would have been the MP's that they would have had to convince. Many backbench Liberal MP's were supporters of votes for women, but the Liberal leaders were opposed to it. This was because they feared that, if only better-off, property owning women got the vote, these women would vote for their arch rival, the Conservative party. On the other hand, some conservative leaders, liking the prospect of more conservative voters, were quite keen on women's suffrage. But they took no action because their backbench MP's were completely opposed, on principle, to change the role of women. In addition, both parties had bigger worries then female suffrage. Neither party was prepared to adopt female suffrage as party policy, so it never got priority in parliament. In 1903, many suffragists where angry at the lack of success that had come their way, as a result, a lady called Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst founded a new organization, which was called the Women's Social and Political Union or WSPU in short. The Daily Mail called then the ‘suffragettes' and with them making so many headlines this name became hard to shake off. The suffragettes had the same goal and ambitions as the suffragists, however, they believed that the only way to reach their goal was to become more radical and militant. The suffragettes disrupted political meeting and repeatedly harassed ministers. Asquith, who at that time was a Liberal Prime Minister, came under particularly heavy abuse due to his views on women suffrage. they physically assulted politicans, destroyed paintings in the national gallery and in 1913 emily davison threw herself under the king's horse and was killed. there violent tactics may have lots support for the camaign. After a women's suffrage bill ran out of time in 1908, direct action from the suffragettes began. The suffragettes began making speeches at 10 Downing street, they even chained themselves to railing to stop being moved on, in doing so getting themselves arrested. In that same year stones where thrown thought the windows of 10 Downing street There was however logic behind the violence. The suffragettes believed that the government ignored the calls for women suffrage because there where more important issues. The Suffragettes believed that by becoming more radical and violent the government where forced to listen whether they liked it or not, they believed that processions and petitions, however large, were easily ignored. the goverment di not want to be seen to give in to the violent demandss as this would mak them look weak. There where mixed reactions to the ‘Direct Action' that the Suffragettes employed. Some people where worried, some sympathetic and some were scornful. It was the reaction from the Suffragists that surprised people the most. Many suffragists admired the readiness of suffragettes to go to jail for the cause. When the first suffragette was imprisoned, Mrs. Fawcett put on a banquet for them when they where released. This did not last, for as the Suffragettes got more violent and radical the further apart the two groups got, relationships between then become very strained. The suffragists believed that you cant win the right for a democratic vote by using undemocratic methods, they also believed that the violence would put of the MP's that would have backed their cause. There is no doubt that the increase in violence alienated the support for woman's suffrage. By 1913 many suffragettes where imprisoned. The violence did however achieve one of its goals, it certainly raised the profile of the issue and it could not longer be ignored. But in doing so they damaged the bigger picture, for know there was a reason for their opponents for rejecting woman's suffrage. If the MP's gave in to the violence from the suffragettes what hope will they have when dockers or mine workers riot for higher wages? From 1911 onwards, whenever the issue of woman's suffrage was debated in parliament, there was a bigger majority against women's suffrage. In 1914 Britain declared war in Germany, from August to September many different women's organizations were set up, including the Women's Hospital Corp and the Women's Police Volunteers. This meant that all suffragist and suffragette campaigns had to be halted. I think that the most important reason for why the women suffrage was unsuccessful during 1900 and the 1914 was the fact that, peoples minds at that time where not prepared for such a big advancement, it is true that the suffragettes reduced their chances significantly, but I believe that even if there was no violence the women would have still not got the vote until after the war becouse that is when they really proved themsleves as they helped out greatly in the first world war.

Non Discriminatory Hiring and the Workplace essays

Non Discriminatory Hiring and the Workplace essays Equal Opportunity employment is more or less the law of the land. One says more or less because there are still some pockets of resistance. However, most human resources managers now are very careful to use some form of Affirmative Action in their hiring process. Just what is the definition of Affirmative Action? Affirmative Action is a policy designed to create a nondiscriminatory environment for the management of human resources and the distribution of economic benefits...It means taking a second look to be fair to everyone who applies for a job or admission to college." (Anderson 1996 PG) What stirred up many people was not the previous blatant unfairness, whites favored over blacks or Hispanics, bosses hiring friends instead of the best qualified for the job. It was the imposition of the "second look" principle, whereby those favored prior to the Act now were feeling deprived of fairness by being forced to compete with those mandated by law to be looked at twice (i.e., tacitly pr eferred). Having and maintaining a non-discriminatory workplace goes beyond hiring. It also requires an effort at employee retention. The work place has become a far more diversified action arena than ever before. There is more cultural as well as ethnic diversity. There is a vast difference in educational background, even in language or technical skills. There are more women, more older people in the work-place, as literally mandated by the Federal government. Each of these diverse characters must be motivated, must be invited to become a valuable member of the overall team. "There are six dimensions of diversity we consider prime: Age, ethnicity, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, and sexual/affectional orientation" (Loden 1993 19). These are prime because they cannot be "changed" while secondary dimensions can: educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, etc. Everyone, not only manage...

Using SCAMPER to Generate Article Ideas

Using SCAMPER to Generate Article Ideas Using SCAMPER to Generate Article Ideas Using SCAMPER to Generate Article Ideas By Guest Author This is a guest post by Brad Painting. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. One of the great things about freelance writing is that you can invent your own projects and put your creative juices to the test. But what if your creative flow seems blocked, as writers so often lament? Writers block is actually just a matter of not asking yourself the right questions. Imagine that you have just written the article â€Å"5 Easy Steps to Greening Your Home† for a popular home magazine. You put forth your best information, and the editor was thrilled, but now you are wanting for ideas. How can you create a new piece without choosing an entirely new topic and doing heaps of research? The SCAMPER technique is just the solution to this dilemma. Editors note: SCAMPER is a problem solving technique created by Bob Earle and popularized by Michael Michalko in his book Thinkertoys. SCAMPER is an acronym for a set of actions that force you to ask yourself certain brainstorming questions. The letters of SCAMPER stand for Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Magnify, Put to Other Uses, Eliminate, and Reverse. You can perform any of these actions on any component of any product or process. Our product is the theme of an article. We could technically split the title â€Å"5 Easy Steps to Greening Your Home† into 6 components for every noun, pronoun, and adjective, but it may help to use the two components, â€Å"5 Easy Steps† and â€Å"Greening Your Home†. Lets take a walk through the SCAMPER process. Substitute. Replace one component with another. Focus on professional services, like HVAC cleaning, rather than do-it yourself jobs. Or write about the unique challenges of an apartment as opposed to a house: 5 Professional Services for Greening Your Home 5 Easy Steps to Greening Your Apartment Combine. Merge two components into one. You can fuse a new component with an existing one, or combine two existing components. Can you add qualities to the act of â€Å"greening† or to the object, â€Å"your home†? 5 Easy Steps to Green Your Home and Your Lifestyle 5 Easy Steps to Green and Add Value to Your Home Adapt. What components exist that are similar to current ones? Maybe much of your information also applies to commercial buildings: 5 Easy Steps to Greening a Small Business Magnify. Try playing with the size of a component. Inflate â€Å"5 Ways† to â€Å"20 Ways† or â€Å"Home† to â€Å"Neighborhood†. Alternatively, zoom in on one aspect of the house, such as refrigerator-efficiency: 20 Ways You Can Green Your Home 5 Ways You Can Green Your Neighborhood 5 Ways to Improve Your Refrigerators Efficiency Put to Other Uses. Towards what other markets can you tailor the article? Do these steps lower energy consumption, shaving down utility bills? Try writing from a financial rather than environmental standpoint: 5 Surefire Investments in Your Home Eliminate. What happens when you throw away a component? Is the topic too specific to appeal to enough readers? See what happens when you eliminate some words and tie up loose ends: 5 Ways to Be Green 5 Must-Do Home Improvements Reverse. Imagine reversing the order of components. Linguistically, this can lead to some creative outcomes, such as an ironic spin on your article: 5 Ways to Throw Away Household Energy. SCAMPER will not always produce unique or viable topics, but the idea is to generate possiblities so that you can pick and choose. One thing to consider when fleshing out possibilities is whether you can make an article unique enough to warrant an exclusive-rights license. If you would consider a certain adaptation plagiarism when done by another writer, you should not sell it as a unique piece yourself. You can, however, make small changes to increase your sales of usage-rights. If nothing else, SCAMPER will give you the assurance that you have exhausted the possibilities for an idea. Brad Painting is the author of the vocabulary site Word a Day Wonder, a site that embeds vocabulary in amazing facts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business Letter35 Genres and Other Varieties of Fiction20 Ways to Cry

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 102

Assignment Example The Royal British Museum obviously hopes to attract the tourist interested in history and in learning about Canada’s cultural background. Niagara Falls would be more appropriate for families with children as well as adults who want to enjoy a beautiful view. The Museum of Anthropology is a more specialized experience and is an aboriginal experience. As one of Canada’s most significant buildings The Museum of Anthropology’s (About†¦) archaeological beauty and world class collections are showcased, the Museum is Canada’s largest teaching museum. Niagara Falls is a natural attraction that has been visited for more than a hundred years though it has in recent years become a huge attraction for commercial tourism which is a contrast to niche marketing. Mass marketing aims to reach all spectrums of tourist. Niche tourism could be divided into further specialized areas such as rural-Field Stone Vineyards in Alberta, a local Canadian restaurant as part of a gastronomy experience or a sports theme tourist attraction. Obviously these niche markets can be further specialized according to type of wine produced, type of restaurant food, and specific sport. Small scale operations more closely fit with the tailored specifics of niche tourism and the definition has taken on a more common sense meaning, related directly to how specific of a target attractions or any other product are aiming for. Novelli, M. (2005). Amazon.com: Niche Tourism: Contemporary issues, trends and cases (9780750661331): Marina Novelli: Books. Amazon.com: Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & More. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from

Not Sure Yet Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Not Sure Yet - Thesis Proposal Example Rationale: The investigation of this topic will take place through research and analysis of the state of environmental health during and after Hurricane Katrina. The thesis will first examine the nature of Katrina itself and the immediate damage done. It will then proceed to describe how the immediate destruction affected or threatened the environmental health in the region. Finally, the thesis will explore the extent to which these environmental health threats have been relieved through the hurricane help efforts, and which ones continue to be affecting the environment, posing a threat for future society in the region. Literature: The main sources to be used include an report and analysis provided by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency, a New Orleans Environment Watch, which provides articles about specific post-Katrina environmental health issues and progress, and other articles that address more narrowed topics, such as access to healthy food. Conclusion: Although progress has been made, New Orleans continues to face numerous environmental health threats and challenges. This thesis will produce a summary and analysis that identifies which challenges are most essential in terms of needing to be addressed to provide a safe and healthy future

LOVE Enhancing the Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LOVE Enhancing the Marketing Plan - Essay Example McDonald’s has over 14,000 stores in the United States and 32737 overall (Jargon, 2011). One of the strengths of McDonald’s is its wide variety of food items in the menu. The second strength McDonald’s has is its outstanding financial performance. In 2010, McDonald’s generated total revenues of $24,075 billion and net income of $4,946 billion (Aboutmcdonalds, 2011). The third strength of McDonald’s is its outstanding customer reach. McDonald’s serves over 64 million customers daily. The main weakness McDonald’s has is the high fat content of most of the items in its menu. The second major competitor in the food industry is Subway. Subway last year surpassed McDonalds as the fast food restaurant with the most franchises worldwide. Today Subway has 36,671 stores across 99 countries (Subway, 2011). Subway has multiple strengths that have made this franchise a complete success. The organization has a tremendous executive management team. D uring the last decade the franchise has been growing at an outstanding rate. The second strength of Subway is the quality of its food. Subway meals are low on calories and low on fat. The third strength of Subway is the fact that company lets its customers customize its sandwiches. The fourth strength of the company is its outstanding advertising. ... The major strength of pizza food trucks is the product’s appeal. Pizza is the favorite meal of Americans. The average American eats 46 slices of pizza each year (Mamadelucaspizza, 2007). The second strength of pizza trucks is competitive pricing. The con of the food cooked in pizza trucks is its extremely high fat content. 2) Thoroughly discuss how you plan to differentiate your company from the closest competitor and why? The closest competitor to 360UP is pizza truck vendors. 360UP will utilize a variety of strategies to differentiate the business. One of the most important strategies that the company will utilize to differentiate itself from mobile pizza trucks is having a gourmet quality product. 360UP is a mobile fast food restaurant serving cuisines with tricky flavor combinations - American-Asian cuisines, Mexican-Asian food, Thai-Mediterranean and so on. The unique blend of different flavors all over the world will be served in affordable and easy to eat meals. Unlike pizza, the food served at 360UP is healthy and nutritional. A second differentiating factor that 360UP will utilize to outperform the competition is innovative marketing practices. The advertising initiatives of 360UP are going to help the company reach its marketing goals because more potential customers are going to realize of the existence of the firm’s products and services. 360UP will utilize social websites, such as Facebook and Twitter, to communicate with its customers. Whenever the truck moves to any location, fans will be able to follow the movement of the food truck through Twitter. 360UP will implement socially conscious promotions, such as offering all senior citizens a 20% discount from the entire menu. Senior citizens have high disposable income because they

Analysis Of Bcg Matrix Marketing Essay

Analysis Of Bcg Matrix Marketing Essay In business, there are times when an organization needs to expand or change the market or field. There are tons of ideas about things one could do. However, it is hard to determine which idea will be the best. Therefore, strategic marketing planning tools will be important and beneficial, such as BCG matrix, Ansoff Matrix or Porter 5 forces and so forth, to help one evaluate the options and decide on the one that suits the organization and situation best. As a result, it gives the best return on the considerable investment that an organization will need to make. Strategic marketing management involves the process of deciding the marketing strategy to follow and to ensure it is followed correctly, in order to compete against its rivals successfully. In an attempt to assist strategic marketing process, a number of different strategic marketing planning tools have been created. Igor Ansoff, Michael Porter, and the Boston Consulting Group have the best known models in the field of business. Strategies are developed according to the objectives within an organization. The establishment of the objectives will normally produce a difference between what had been achieved and what target needs to be met. The uses of strategies are to illustrate how this gap is going to be solved, and objectives met. Strategic Management is a systematic approach to the major and increasingly important responsibility of general management to position and relate the firm to its environment in a way which will assure its continued success and make it secure from surprises (Ansoff, 1990). This paper will focus on the BCG Matrix, which is one of the models like PESTLE, SWOT, Ansoff matrix, Gap analysis, GE matrix and Porter 5 forces. It is often used to assess the profits of business or resource allocation and divestment decisions by the marketers. The content of this report will explain and analyse the application of BCG Matrix with some examples. Some of the other analytic tools will also be mentioned in this work. Analysis of BCG matrix BCG Matrix is developed by Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group in the year of 1968 (BCG, 2012). It is one of the Portfolio analyses. It is used to determine high or low performers of businesses or products depending upon their market growth rate and relative market share. The idea behind this Matrix is that higher market share or a better market grows of the product is better for the organization. There are four categories in BCG Matrix, which are Stars, Cash cow, Question mark, and Dogs (Philip.K, et al., 2008). Furthermore, horizontal axis is given for relative market share position and vertical axis for industry growth rate (Philip.K, et al., 2008). Planners are to classify their products or businesses into the four categories according to their position on the matrix. It provides a framework for analysis and comparison of products or businesses for multinational companies with diverse products. The advantages of using BCG Matrix are to have the ability to prioritise a business or product portfolio; it is to know what products are doing well and what are not performing. It provides a useful insight into the potential opportunities and problems associated with a particular product. It is often a convenient graphical form that is easily understood by the staffs who are the decision makers. In appendix A, it takes Nestle company (table 1.0) as an example, prepared dishes and cooking aids, PetCare and confectionery would be classed as Cash cow; beverage products would be a star; whereas pharmaceutical products as Question mark. Water products are most likely to be classed as a Dog. The BCG matrix is linked to the Product life cycle. Introduction, growth, maturity and decline, it represents Question marks, Stars, Cash cows and dogs in the BCG matrix respectively. Referring back to the table 1.0, it shows that PetCare and Confectionery products are at the late maturity period in the Product life cycle. Therefore, Nestle must come out with new and better ideas, in order to prevent or slow down the product from further decline in sales, or perhaps becoming a Dog. However, it is expected that different product will have different life cycle. Therefore, some stars with short life cycle will be better to harvest rather than to commit further investment (Graeme. D and John. E, 2007). In a multinational company, it is essential for its products to have high and low growth rate, such as stars to assure future of the company, cash cows that supply money for further growth, and converting question marks into stars. It is because a balanced product portfolio will maximize organisation revenue. As mentioned by Bruce Henderson Only a diversified company with a balanced portfolio can use its strengths to capitalize on growth opportunities(BCG.P, 2010). The benefits of high growth products include high return at the cost of wide ranging resource to market. For low growth rate products, its benefits are customers familiarity with the product, thu s, lesser cost for marketing and a constant source of revenue. With the help of BCG matrix, it can be identified how organization cash resources can be used to maximize a companys future growth and profitability. It provides the criteria for determining which products or business one should invest in, hold, harvest, or divest. However, the BCG matrix is only useful to a certain extent, and its limitation makes it increasingly less accurate. The BCG matrix was created in 1970s; therefore, it is expected to be less accurate in the current society especially during periodic recession (Blythe, 2006). The situation in the current business market is much more complicated than before.The model of BCG matrix discouraged organizations to invest in businesses with a less than 10% growth rate in a year. During the hard time, many companies will not have a growth of 10%.Thus, it is not accurate to rely on BCG matrix during an economic downturn; it might create confusion in the companys direction. The connection between market share and profitability is argu able because sometimes low share businesses can be profitable too and vice versa (Babette Craig, 2012). As mention by experts, the markets are difficult to determine with a huge amount of overlaps and complex segmentation (Macmillan. H, 2000). There are many portfolios in real businesses consist of a high percentage of dog businesses and few star businesses (Macmillan. H, 2000). Thus, portfolio analysis is criticized for offering little help in these circumstances. Growth rate and market share are only one aspect of industry attractiveness and overall competitive position respectively. The market definition and measurement are not perfect as there are some problems faced (Wensley. R, 1981). Hence, poor definition of business market might lead to some misclassification, such as dogs, becoming cash cows. Moreover, the matrix mainly focuses on investment in current products of a company. Thus, it might neglect alternative investment such as setting new product lines or investing in ne w technology, which could be better than investing in current products or services. The matrix also ignores the potential competitive responses. When an organization tried to build their market shares and support growth, it is likely to get responses from the competitors as retaliation (Blythe, 2006). Furthermore, it is too simplistic and general just to use high and low to form four categories, which lead to a low accuracy analysis. In addition, the matrix is based on cash revenue, whereby profit should be a better phrase to use as it means the financial gain after all the deduction of expense from the revenue. General electric (GE) matrix developed by Mckinsey is a similar matrix that overcomes some of the disadvantage of BCG matrix. It uses market attractiveness instead of market growth rate which included a broader range of factors compare to growth rate. It also replaced market share into competitive strength which assessed each SBU with competitive positioning (Kozami,2002). H owever, this paper will not go into the details of GE matrix due to the words constraint. According to an article by Hiram and Clyde on portfolio analysis, they added three categories to the matrix, such as infants, war horses and dodos, to get a better coverage of the business society during recession. War horses represent a cash cow in a declining market. The veteran products in an organization are things which hold a strong market position. It is used to prevent an organization from eliminating a veteran product during a recession as it is always just a temporary phenomenon (Hiram Clyde, 1982). Dodos represent products that have little potential for growing and low shares in declining markets (Hiram Clyde, 1982). It is added into the matrix because it will enable the company to make an early decision in withdrawing or removing such products so as to improve the chance of selling the assets of such business. The authors categorized new innovative products to be infants (Hiram Clyde, 1982). Most of the time, infant products do not generate any profit to the company at the introduction period and may even have a negative cash flow. Thus, it is important to point out the new innovative products before they are treated as a dog or question mark. With the obvious limitations of BCG Matrix, it is not recommended to use the matrix alone. It is a portfolio analysis tool which focuses on the internal of an organization. Thus, it is always best to use with external analysis tools such as SWOT. SWOT will look at matters like the strength and weakness of the company, and the opportunities and threats that might occur. It is used to measure the degree of strategic fit between the organization and its environment. As a combination with BCG matrix, BCG matrix will focus on the internal factors and SWOT will be focusing on the external factors. Therefore, the O T of SWOT will mainly suggest using alongside with BCG matrix. For example, with the O T, the organization can recognise the opportunities and threats in Nestle such as an increase in health conscious society (PRweb, 2012) provide a huge opportunity for Nestle to produce more health care products and raw ingredient prices for chocolate production are increasing will affect the profit margin as threat (Christopher, 2011). If only BCG matrix is used, the planners will miss the external factors like the society or raw materials pricing which might cause problems to the organization. According to experts, it mentioned that a mixture of two or more analysis tools is recommended for a holistic view of strategic scenario (Wind, et al, 1983). Therefore, it is essential for an organization to capture the internal and external factors with appropriate marketing analytic tools to strengthen the company performance. Conclusion This paper focused on the analysis of BCG matrix. It evaluated the usefulness and weakness of the model. Recommendations had also been advised for further enhancement of the usefulness of the model. Although BCG Matrix has a number of limitations, it is still one of the most popular portfolio planning tools used by big companies with diverse products. It can measure the growth rate and relative market share of each sector in a table form. The table shows a clear understanding on how an organization is performing. With a simple and clear understanding, the company can develop strategies to deal with the sectors, and achieve the organizations aimed goals and objectives. It is also useful for small businesses to survey the companys market share and growth, in relation to relative market to see how products are performing. Lastly, BCG Matrix is not a tool to replace management decision or vision. It is a tool to help managers or planners evaluate their strategy alternatives together with other analysis tools, such as SWOT. It is a tool with flaws, but still suffices to be a good tool for portfolio analysis. References Ansoff, Igor, 1990. Implanting Strategic Management. 2nd ed. New York: Prentice Hall . Babette, E, 2012. Analysis Without Paralysis: 12 Tools to Make Better Strategic Decisions. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Financial Times. BCG. 2012. BCG History. [Online] Available at: http://www.bcg.com/about_bcg/history/history_1968.aspx. [Accessed 04 November 12]. BCG. Perspectives. 2012. The product portfolio. [Online] Available at: https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/Classics/strategy_the_product_portfolio/. [Accessed 05 November 12]. Blythe, Jim, 2006. Principles Practice of Marketing. 1st ed. London: Thomson learning. Christopher Adams . 2011. Chocolate lovers face price rise as ingredients soar. [Online] Available at: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=10701792. [Accessed 22 November 12]. Graeme, Drummond, and John Ensor, 2007. Strategic Marketing: Planning and Control. 3rd ed. Oxford: A Butterworth-Heinemann Title. Hiram, Barksdale and Clyde E. Harris,Jr., 1982. Portfolio analysis and the product life cycle. Long range planning, [Online]. 15(6), 74-83. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL_cid=271874_user=7229486_pii=0024630182900103_check=y_origin=article_zone=toolbar_coverDate=31-Dec-1982view=coriginContentFamily=serialwchp=dGLbVlt-zSkWzmd5=a00811c63fcac0a92dbec6cd66a1ece0pid=1-s2.0-0024630182900103-main.pdfsqtrkid=0.3659638183921414 [Accessed 23 November 2012]. Kozami, Azhar, 2002. Business Policy and Strategic Management. 2nd ed. India: Tata McGraw-Hill. Macmillan, Hugh, 2000. Strategic management: process, content, and implementation. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nestle. 2010. 2010 Annual Report. [Online] Available at: http://www.nestle.com/Common/NestleDocuments/Documents/Library/Documents/Annual_Reports/2010-Annual-Report-EN.pdf. [Accessed 03 November 12]. Nestle. 2011. 2011 Annual Report. [Online] Available at: http://www.nestle.com/Common/NestleDocuments/Documents/Library/Documents/Annual_Reports/2011-Annual-Report-EN.pdf. [Accessed 03 November 12]. Philip Kotler,Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong and John Saunders, 2008. Principles of marketing. 5th ed. Italy: Pearson Education. PRWeb. 2012. Yahoo news. [Online] Available at: http://news.yahoo.com/increasing-popularity-growing-health-consciousness-fuel-growth-global-130305822.html. [Accessed 22 November 12]. Wensley, Robin, 1994. Making better decisions: The challenge of marketing strategy techniques. International Journal of Research in Marketing, [Online]. 11/1, pp85-90. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy.ncl.ac.uk/science/article/pii/0167811694900361 [Accessed 04 November 2012]. Wind, Young, Mahajan, Vijay and Donald, Swire., 1983. An Empirical Comparison of Standardized Portfolio Models. Journal of Marketing, [Online]. 47(2), pp89-99. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=247ec63a-e348-45c1-a7b8-e1819fa6169a%40sessionmgr11vid=2hid=21 [Accessed 22 November 2012].

Comparison of Kate Chopins Story of an Hour and William Faulkners A R

Historically, women have been treated as second class citizens. The Napoleonic Code stated that women were controlled by their husbands and cannot freely do their own will without the authority of their husband. This paper shows how this is evident in the "Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin and " A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner. In both stories, the use of literary elements such as foreshadowing, symbolism, and significant meaning of the titles are essential in bringing the reader to an unexpected and ironic conclusion. The background of both authors, which was from the South, we can conclude how they could described the situations that they faced such as political and social presumptions problems especially for women at that time. The story explains how Chopin wrote how women were to be "seen but not heard". "The wife cannot plead in her own name, without the authority of her husband, even though she should be a public trader, or noncommunicant, or separate in property." (Kreis 1) This is one of the Code Napoleon that shows women have no right and position at that time. However after World War II, most of the men were going to war and left the women, who make them finally, could get their freedom to do anything or their own because they have to do it to survive. Chopin's stories seem very modern in different ways even though it was written about two hundred years ago. Chopin says that it "..does not always find that marriage necessarily requires that a wife be dominated by their husband,.."(Oklopcic 19) and she was trying to show that women can get along just fine without having man interfere. The story represents a disdain for the way women are treated in some relationships and in society as well. "Her concern w... ...usual life such as Emily who turned into a murderer, killing her own boyfriend and Louise Mallard dead after living her "real life" for one hour, feels her feeling free from repression during her husband death and finally died of heart disease when she knew that her husband is alive. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. "The Story of an Hour." Heritage of American Literature. Ed. James E. Miller. Vol. 2. Austin: Harcourt Brace Jovanich, 1991. 487. Print. Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose For Emily.† An Introduction to Fiction. 10th ed. Eds: X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New Yorkk: Pearson Longman, 2007. 29-34. Kreis, S. (2001). The History Guide. Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History: The Code Napoleon. 15 July, 2010, http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/code_nap.html Oklopcic, Biljana. Faulkner and the Native Keystone: Reading (Beyond) the American South

What Role do Unconscious Factors Play in the Experience of Organisational Life, and how can Workers’ Appreciation of these Factors Lead to better Outcomes for Users?

1. Introduction The following essay considers the role that unconscious factors play in organisational life, and looks at the extent to which awareness of these factors amongst workers can improve outcomes for users. The idea is considered both in relation to appropriate literature and also in relation to my own experience of a social work organisation, the placement I experienced in a children’s home. The ways in which social work practice can be oppressive and anti-oppressive, and the impact of both of these for the user, are also explored. My interest in this area has been informed by my experience in a care home for children (Adeza) as a student social worker. I worked with a wide range of client groups including children (and their families) under stress, children (and their families with mental health problems, children at risk and children with physical and mental disabilities. I had a wide range of duties including administrative functions, advising clients and supporting children in a variety of ways. I became aware of the ways in which unconscious attitudes can impact upon the way clients and other staff are treated through a phenomenon I later learned was called projection, that is, the psychological mechanism whereby worries and fears about oneself are seen as present in other people, and demonised. For example, some clients had internalised a set of notions about being inadequate parents, which were then projected onto staff at the home, in a variety of ways. 2. The Notion of the Unconscious Understanding human needs, wants and motivations is a central part not only of organizational theory but also of human psychology generally. Various theories have been proposed to explain the variety of behaviours which characterise human beings, for example behaviourism, which reduces the role of the ‘mental’ and looks at human actions in terms of stimulus and response (Baran and Davis 2011), and Weber’s idea of work as salvation (Nelson and Quick 2010). However, the notion of the unconscious has been widely influential, and derives from work by Freud in the late 19th and early 20th Century.The idea is situated in the wider set of notions developed by Freud called psychoanalysis.Central to Freud’s idea is the notion that â€Å"powerful unconscious drives, mostly sexual and aggressive†¦ motivate human behaviour and put people in conflict with social reality† (Saiyadain 2003, p. 32).For Freud, the unconscious is that of which we are unaware, but which can manifest itself through thoughts and behaviours. He separated out three levels of consciousness: The conscious (everything one is aware of) The preconscious (things one is not aware of, but which could be brought to consciousness through effort of will) The unconscious (that of which one is unaware, and which one is normally powerless to bring to conscious awareness) The unconscious includes desires, buried memories, desires and needs. Individuals can be motivated by unconscious forces, which make themselves manifest through behaviour, thoughts, feelings and words. Freud believed therapeutic work could be done by uncovering these unconscious forces and making the individual aware of their deeper motivations through a process of psychoanalysis (McKenna 2000). Freud suggested a number of ways in which the contents of the unconscious work to influence human behaviour. These include regression, repression, sublimation and projection. Regression is the phenomenon whereby people return to earlier behaviour patterns (for example a stutter), repression means the ways in which unpleasant emotions are blocked from conscious awareness, sublimation denotes the way in which impulses (perhaps aggressive) which are unacceptable to the conscious mind are channelled into another activity, for example devotion to work or sport, while projection means the mechanism whereby thoughts or feelings which are not acceptable to the conscious mind are attributed to someone else (finding them lazy, for example) (Saiyadain 2003). Intuitively, and based on my experience in my placement, I feel that there is evidence for the existence of the unconscious. For example, I have seen adolescent children regress to an earlier stage, displaying bed wetting and thumb sucking for example, particularly at times of great stress. However, Freud’s ideas have been subject to an intense critique, particularly that there is a lack of empirical evidence for them (Hersen and Thomas 2006). Additionally, it has been pointed out that the idea of the unconscious lacks predictive power: although it can function as a good explanation of behaviour, it cannot indicate how people will behave in the future (Abbott 2001). I can see that these are valid criticisms: however, as the next sections show, I feel the concept of the unconscious and its mechanisms invaluable in understanding people better, which I feel is a necessary part of delivering the person-centred care that is a key part of social care in the 21st Century (Joseph Row ntree Foundation 2011). 3. The Unconscious and Organisational Life As well as being widely influential (though much debated) in psychology generally, the concept of the unconscious and its mechanisms has been incorporated into theories of organisational life. The key element to the idea of the unconscious is the notion that â€Å"much of the rational and taken-for-granted reality of everyday life expresses preoccupations and concerns that lie beneath the reality of conscious awareness† (Morgan 1998, p. 186). It follows that organisational theories need to take account of the hidden dynamics which influence the workplace. In addition, it has been suggested that theorists of organisational behaviour have been influenced by unconscious forces such as repression. Morgan 1998, for example, suggests that Taylor’s model of ‘scientific’ and rational management might have been rooted in his puritan background with strong routines and work ethic. Morgan also suggests that the predominant bureaucracy of modern work places might be a function of repression. Worker’s reactions to these types of workplace will depend upon their own mechanisms of regression. In other workplaces, organisational culture can often by dominated by self-centred attempts at wrestling control from others, or the playing out of â€Å"a phallic-narcissistic ethos† (Morgan 1998, p. 192) within the workplace. Often, the workplace might reproduce the traditional patriarchal family, with a dominant style associated with ‘male’ qualities of aggression, ambition and rigid rules. One unconscious mechanism which I was particularly aware of in my placement was projection.In this, workers deal with internal turmoil by attributing the key elements of what is bothering them to someone else rather than themselves. For example, in an organisation, poor results might be blamed by one group (managers) on ground-level staff, and vice-versa (Rashid 1983). Projection has been succinctly defined as the â€Å"attribution of one’s own attitudes and beliefs onto others† (Borkowski 2009, p. 56). In order to avoid feelings of guilt or excess anxiety, workers might see their co-workers as possessing the qualities they most dislike in themselves (Borkowski 2009). While it allows the person doing the projecting to protect their self-esteem, the mechanism whereby co-workers, for example, are blamed for putting a person in a bad mood, are damaging to organisational efficiency (Borkowski 2009). It can lead to stereotyping and, through this, to oppressive working metho ds. stereotyping is a way of organising experience by applying common traits to certain groups of people (the elderly, ethnic minorities, children). While it allows abstract thought to take place more easily, it can lead to the association of negative traits with particular groups. Projection seems to be at work in stereotyping, whereby a group is seen to possess negative characteristics not held by the person ascribing the characteristics. It has been shown that these mechanisms can lead to worse health and social care for certain groups seen as ‘the other’ (Borkowski 2009). One example is that people working with abused children can be marginalised and rendered invisible, as society as a whole does not want to admit that such abuse exists. Nurses are also often forced to bear the brunt of negative projections from service users and other professionals. In addition, social work in general often suffers, as its existence underlines the presence of vulnerable and needy p eople, mortality and other key issues. These all evoke deep and complex feelings in others, and workers in these professions often bear the weight of others negative expectations, â€Å"issues of dependency, aggression and sexuality† Yelloly and Henkel 1995, p. 195). Within social work, it has been acknowledged that certain forms of practice can be oppressive, particularly to service users but also to other workers. Anti-oppressive practice works to overturn ways of working which marginalise, scapegoat and downplay the people who they work for, both on a personal and micro- level, and at a wider social level. While anti-oppressive practice covers a wide range of activities, becoming aware of the extent to which people are marginalised through unconscious mechanisms such as projection is one key part (Balloch and Hill 2007). Becoming aware of the extent to which negative characteristics are projected onto others, either individuals or groups, is a central step in moving away from oppression. Today, immigrant groups can find themselves scapegoated for the wider problems of society, for example, both by individuals and by political groups (Shulman 2008). Anti oppressive practice offers a way for projection, stereotyping and discrimination to be co mbated in the workplace, through an attitude of criticality and reflection upon situations in the workplace. The process of uncovering oppression can be likened to that of becoming aware of unconscious processes, as well as uncovering motivations which derive from unexamined unconscious attitudes and mechanisms (Heenan 2011). 4. Understanding the Unconscious and Improved User Outcomes The ways in which the unconscious operates in the organisational context, the negative impact it can have, and the opportunities it presents for ultimately improving user outcomes is illustrated by my experience working in a children’s home.I have concentrated above on the phenomenon of projection, because this was the unconscious mechanism which most appeared to be in existence during my placement. One child with whom I worked, supporting to live independently after care, would frequently express the opinion that the women staff with whom she came into contact were ‘useless’, were over-emotional, and were not as effective as male staff. I used to find this frustrating, particularly as she was female herself, until I put her case into the context of her background. One of a family of girls, with whom her mother was unable to cope, she had internalised negative feelings about women, developed a androgenous, tomboy-ish appearance herself, and projected doubts and fe ars about herself onto female staff. There are also discusses two related unconscious mechanisms (first identified by Melanie Klein), splitting and projective identification, both of which I experienced during my placement.Splitting often occurs in groups, and refers to the process whereby a situation is polarised and seen as ‘black’ and ‘white’, that is, with ‘good’ and ‘bad’ elements. It happens when people are unable to tolerate ambiguity (Zachar 2000). I saw this in group discussions between staff, when one manager who took a fairly strict line to discipline and adherence to regulations was demonised by staff informally after meetings. I felt (perhaps because I was an outsider) that although she might have expressed her ideas better, there was a great deal of sound advice in what she said. However, others seemed unable to see this, preferring to make her a ‘scapegoat’ for everything they disliked about the experience of working in the care home. I also saw this situation improve when a higher manager called a meeting in which we discussed communication styles used within the home.I also saw projective identification, where people unconsciously identify with another person or group, with one staff member, who seemed to project feelings of her own vulnerability (she had just gone through a difficult divorce) onto the female white children in our care. Her attitude towards this gender / ethnic group was markedly different, she would spend extra time with them, and buy small presents. I was present when this was noted by another staff member, who carefully suggested her experience might be leading to her favouritism. She took this suggestion very well, and her behaviour, I noticed, became fairer afterwards. 5. Conclusion There are some problems with the notion of the unconscious, particularly its lack of predictive power and lack of empirical evidence. However, in terms of my placement in a children’s care home, I have found it a useful way of understanding why people – both staff and clients – behave in the way they do. It also seems to offer a useful tool for moving towards an anti-oppressive practice. In my experience, if people are made aware of the ways in which unconscious mechanisms operate, they are better able to see their oppressive actions, better able to understand why they are acting as they do, and as a consequence able to change the way they behave in a way which is beneficial to clients. 6. 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Nelson, D L and Campbell, J (2010) Organizational Behavior: Science, the Real World, and You (7th edn.), Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA. Rashid, S A (1983) Organizational Behaviour, Taylor & Francis, UK Saiyadain, M S (2003) Organisational Behaviour,m Tata McGraw-Hill Education, India. Shulman, L (2008) The Skills of Helping Individuals, Families, Groups, and Communities (6th edn.), Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA. Thomas, J C (2006) Personality and everyday functioning, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Yelloly, M and Henkel, M (1995) Learning and teaching in social work: towards reflective practice (2nd edn.), Jessica Kingsley Publishers, UK Zachar, P (2000) Psychological Concepts and Biological Psychiatry: A Philosophical Analysis, John Benjamins Publishing Company, USA